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The Great Stupa- Sanchi, Madhya Pradesh

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The Great Stupa
The Great Stupa

The Great Stupa is not only an important Buddhist monument but also one of the oldest stone structure in India. The stupa is a Sanskrit term that means ‘heap’. It was built by Emperor Ashoka in honor of Lord Buddha in 3rd century BCE. The Stupa was built during the Mauryan period. It is located in Sanchi, Madhya Pradesh. It has its listing in UNESCO’s world heritage sites. It is believed that this Stupa houses ashes of Buddha.

Originally the Stupa was a simple structure. However, it got destroyed in the 2nd century BCE. The Stupa reached its final form after repairing and enlarging it in the 1st century BCE. Currently, the Stupa is 54 feet high and 120 feet high.

The Great Stupa is located 46 km north-east of Bhopal, on the capital city of Madhya Pradesh, India. One can visit the Stupa from Sunrise to Sunset.  The Stupa remains open for visitors from 8 am to 5 pm.

What is the architecture of The Great Stupa?

Every Stupas has three identical features.

  • Anda (hemispherical mound): The Anda is a dome-shaped mound of dirt. It was made to cover Buddha’s remains. The earliest Stupas contained actual relics of the Buddha. With time, the hemispherical mound has got a grander symbolic meaning. It represents the mountain home of the gods at the center of the universe.
  • Harmika (A square railing): The Anda is surrounded by a Harmika. It represents the world mountain. It is inspired by a square railing or fence that surrounded the mound of dirt, marking it as a sacred burial site.
  • Chattra (A central pillar supporting a triple-umbrella form): The Chattra is a triple umbrella structure. It represents the three Jewels or Triantha of Buddhism—the Buddha, the Dharma (doctrine), and the Sangha (community). These three Jewels are the keys to a true understanding of the faith It was placed over the mound to protect it from the elements.

The other unique features of the Sanchi Stupa is:

  • Medhi (A circular terrace): Medhi is a circular terrace. It is surrounded by a similar three-bar railing. The railing supports the Anda and raises it off the ground.  It likely served as a platform for ritual practice.
  • Toranas(wall with decorated gateways): The wall is marked in light blue highlights. The toranas are marked in yellow. Torans are the wall that surrounds the entire structure, with its trademark three horizontal stone bars. The Toranas of the Great Stupa are the greatest achievement of Sanchi sculpture. Each gateway is made up of two squared posts. These posts are topped by capitals of sculptured animals or dwarfs, which are surmounted by three architraves.

All the elements are covered with relief sculpture that depicts the events of the Buddha’s life. There are Jataka stories -about the Buddha’s previous lives, scenes of early Buddhism, and auspicious symbols. The names of donors are also inscribed. The most notable is the ivory workers of  Vidisha.

What is the significance of The Great Stupa?

Stupas were made to remind the Buddhist practitioner of the Buddha and his teachings. These were made almost 2,500 years after Buddha’s death. The practice of building stupas spread with the Buddhist doctrine to Nepal and Tibet, Bhutan, Thailand, Burma, China and the United States where large Buddhist communities are centered.

Building Stupas has Karmic benefits for the Buddhists. Karma plays a key role in Buddhism and Hinduism. Karma means the energy generated by a person’s actions and the ethical consequences of those actions. A Buddhists believe that building a Stupa would help them be born in a good location and they will not suffer from extreme poverty.

Buddhists visit Stupas to perform rituals that help them to understand the Buddha’s teachings. Buddha’s teachings are pointed in Four Noble Truths. Once a person fully understands The Four Noble Truths, they are able to achieve Enlightenment  (the complete knowledge of the dharma).

The Four Noble Truths are:

  • Life is suffering. Suffering means Rebirth.
  • The cause of suffering is Desire.
  • The cause of desire must be overcome.
  • When desire is overcome, there is no more suffering.

Buddha means ‘The Enlightened One’. Buddhist practitioners seek the knowledge that the Buddha gained on his way to achieving Enlightenment.

Sanchi Stupa
Sanchi Stupa

What are the timings of The Great Stupa?

  • The Great Stupa is open for the visitors on all days.
  • The timings are from 8:30 AM – 5:30 PM.

What are the entry fees of the Great Stupa?

The entry fees of the Great Stupa is:

  • Entry fee for Indians: Rs. 10.
  • Entry fee for Foreigners: Rs. 250.
  • Entry fee for Children up to 15 years: Free.

What is the best time to visit The Great Stupa?

  • The best time to visit Sanchi Stupa is during the months of November to March. Majority of the festivals take place during this time.
  • The climate of the great Stupa remains moderately hot throughout the year.
  • Avoid making a trip during the hot summer months.

How to reach The Great Stupa?

  • Air: Nearest airport for reaching Sanchi stupas is Raja Bhoj airport at Bhopal city. Sanchi lies in 55 km north-east of Bhopal airport.
  • Train:  The nearest railway station is Bhopal. It is connected with direct trains from major cities.
  • Road:  Sanchi is well connected by road with other cities. It lies on Bhopal-Sagar state highway.

Kadri Manjunath Temple Mangalore Guide – Timings, Poojas, and Significance

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Kadri Manjunath Temple of Sri Manjunatha is located in Kadri, Mangalore. Kadri Manjunath Temple is one of the best examples of religious harmony, where people from two faiths, Hinduism and Buddhism worship together with the deity of Lord Shiva as Lord Manjunatha.

Kadri Manjunath Temple – Facts

Darshan Timings 6:30 AM – 2:00 PM
4:00 PM – 8:30 PM
Poojas Rudrabhishek, Mahapuja, Karthika Puja and Belli Rathotsava
Location Mangalore, Karnataka
Tours Mangalore Temple Tour
Deity Lord Shiva
Significance One of the seven Teerthas
Entry Fee General Darshan: Free.
Dress Code Traditional wear
Photography Not Allowed
Parking Free
Festivals Kadirotsava, Karthika Masam, Navaratri, and Sivaratri.
The divine temple of Kadri Manjunath in Mangalore

The Annadana Seva is provided to all visiting devotees between 12:30 PM to 2 PM.

Kadri Manjunath Temple Puja Timings

Pujas and Rituals Timings
Morning Temple Opening5:40 AM
Rudrabhishek7:30 AM
Rudrabhishek 11:00 AM
Ekadasa Rudrabhishek11:30 AM
Maha Puja12:00 PM
Evening Temple Opening4:00 PM
Rudrabhishek 7:30 PM
Karthika Puja7:45 PM
Belli Rathotsava8:00 PM
Puja and Rituals at Kadri Manjunath Temple
The Inner sanctum Mahapuja in Kadri Manjunath Temple by the Priest.

Poojas and Rituals at Kadri Manjunath Temple

  1. Ekadasha Rudrabhishekam – The Ekadasha Rudrabhishekam Pooja is performed for all the eleven Rudras of Lord Shiva. After the aavahan sthaapna, the Laghu-nyasam is recited. Then Rudra Trishati is recited. Abhishekam is done to each of the 11 Rudras with all the 11 Dravyas prescribed in the Shiv Purana.
  2. Shata Rudrabhishekam – The Pooja is considered to be extremely auspicious and sacred. It is believed that by performing the Pooja, one can obtain protection and fulfillment of the wishes from God.
  3. Bilva Archana – The Archana is performed for the deity with the Bilva leaves on behalf of the devotee.
  4. Karpoora Aarti – The Aarti is performed for the Lord with Camphor known as the Karpoora on behalf of the devotee.
  5. Panchamrutha Abhisheka – The deity is bathed with five holy “Amrit” or Nectar. They are Milk, Honey, Curd, Sugar, and Ghee.
  6. Sahasranama Archana – The Lord is worshiped by reciting his 1008 names and singing chants praising him on behalf of the devotee.
  7. Navagraha Shanti Homam – The Homam is performed for devotees who want o remove the ill-effects of placement of planets in their horoscope. It helps in removing obstacles from achieving the goal.
  8. Shukra-Aditya Sandhi Shanti Homam – This unique Homam is recommended for people whose horoscopes have Shukra Dasha ending and Ravi Dasha beginning. This is mainly performed for a happy marital life and good parental health.
  9. Kuja-Rahu Sandhi Shanti Homam – This unique Homam is recommended for people whose horoscopes have Kuja Dasha ending and Rahu Dasha’s beginning.
  10. Rahu – Brihaspati Sandhi Shanti Homam – This unique Homam is recommended for people whose horoscopes have Rahu Dasha ending and Guru Dasha’s beginning.
  11. Ranga Pooja – The Goddess is worshiped with either 24 rows of Deepams or with 64 rows of Deepams on behalf of the devotee.
  12. Sathyanarayana Pooja – The Pooja is dedicated to Lord Vishnu. The Pooja can be performed on any day but is believed to be extremely auspicious if performed on the eve of Chithra Pournami. The Pooja is performed to attain peace, prosperity, to remove obstacles and to be free from the negative thoughts.
  13. Mrityunjaya Homam – This Pooja is done to increase longevity and immortality of the person. The devotee asks for forgiveness from Lord Shiva and asks for a long healthy and prosperous life.

Dress Code at Kadri Manjunath Temple –

Devoteees in traditional dresscode in Kadri Manjunath Temple
Devotees and Small Kids dressed up traditionally for the festivals and puja in Kadri Manjunath Temple.

The Kadri Manjunath Temple does not prescribe to any strict dress code but it is recommended to wear decent clothes. Shorts, Bermudas, Miniskirts, and Beachwear are to be avoided for the visit.

The water’s source in Gaumukha cannot be traced to date. However, devotees believe that River Ganga herself flows into these Theerthas from Varanasi.

Significance of Kadri Manjunath Temple

Significance of Kadri Manjunath Temple
The holy pond and Gaumukha holy water spring in Kadri Manjunath Temple.
  • The Kadri Manjunath Temple is one of the foremost examples of the confluence of diverse religious beliefs and their peaceful practice. The presiding deity is called Lord Manjunathaswamy in the Vaishnavite style. Sri Lokeshwara or Trilokeshwar in Shaivite style and as Sri Avalokitesvara in Buddhist style.
  • The presiding deity, Lord Manjunatha, a form of Lord Shiva is depicted in a unique Buddhist form. The deity has three faces, six arms, and a Mukut or a Crown depicting Dhyani Buddha.
  • The idol is made of the Panchaloha element. The Panchaloha is traditionally an alloy of five metals. The composition of the alloy was kept as a secret for several centuries and is often mentioned in the Shilpa Shastras. The metals involved were later found out to be a mix of Gold, Silver, Copper, Iron, and Lead.
  • It is believed that worshiping idols made of the Panchaloha material imparts balance, self-confidence, health, fortune, and peace of mind.
  • The Theerthas of most of the Temples in India is either located on par or below the Temple elevation. However, in Kadri Manjunath Temple, the seven main Theerthas is located 20 feet above the Temple’s location. Water collects into this seven holy theerthas from the Gaumukha, a cow’s mouth shaped cavern.
  • The town of Kadri is the biggest center of worship for the Natha cult or sampradaya. Macchendra Natha, a disciple of Adinatha along with his disciple Gorakh Natha made Kadiri Vihara their home in the 10th century. They discovered the Kundalini system of Yoga.
  • The caves surrounding the vicinity of the Kadri Manjunath Temple are called Pandava Caves and it is believed that the Pandavas resided here during their period of exile.

The interesting and unique fact about the Kadri Manjunath Temple is that it was a major Buddhist center of worship till the 10th century.

The History and Legends attached with Kadri Manjunath Temple

Legends attached with Kadri Manjunath Temple
The history and legends attached with Lord Parashurama in Kadri Manjunath Temple.
  • The legend goes by that Parashurama accomplished his goals by destroying the 21 generations of Kshatriyas all over the country. He than donated the land won to Sage Kashyapa. He wanted to do penance to Lord Shiva to redeem himself of the sins of killing Kshatriyas.
  • However, he did not know where to perform the penance as he had donated everything to Sage Kashyapa. Hence, he requested Lord Shiva for land, who appeared before him and asked him to proceed with his worship in Kadalivana.
  • Kadalivana was immersed in the ocean. He asked Lord Varuna (King of oceans) to release Kadalivana who refused to let go of the region. Parashurama took his ax, roared and threw it into the ocean. Afraid, Lord Varuna relieved the land to Parashurama as requested.
  • Another legend that establishes the Kadri Manjunath Temple origins states that the famous Sage Matsyendranatha (believed to be an incarnation of Shiva), his queen Mangala (incarnation of Goddess Parvati) and Sage Gorakhnatha visited Kadri. Impressed by the historical importance of the region, he wanted to establish a Shiva Linga at the place.
  • He instructed Gorakhnatha to obtain a Linga from Kashi for the purpose. Gorakhnatha was delayed in bringing the Linga to the place. Sage Matsyendranatha did penance for the appearance of the Linga. Eventually, Lord Shiva granted him his wish and appeared as an Udbhavalinga. The Linga brought by Sage Gorakhnatha was eventually taken by Sri Annappa Swamy to Dharmasthala.

A bronze image of a Buddha can be found on a Garuda vehicle of Lord Vishnu. This Temple represents in totality, the transition stage of Buddhism being absorbed into Hinduism.

The architecture of Kadri Manjunath Temple

Architecture of Kadri Manjunath Temple
The splendid 10th Century architecture of Kadri Manjunath Temple.
  • According to legends, Parashurama located Kadalivana and observed the presence of one Rasakoopa (well) there. As promised, Lord Shiva appeared as a Linga in the well. He ordered Parashurama to construct a Temple with the help of Vishwakarma (God of Architecture). Accordingly, Vishwakarma constructed the Temple and the town.
  • The Manjunatha temple complex is square-shaped and is located on a hill. The figure of Sage Matsyendranatha graces the southern portion of the Temple. An idol of Sringinathas having a three hooded Naga overlooking it can be seen behind the figure of the Sage.
  • Similarly, on the western side, the 6 feet tall statue of Sage Gorakhanath can be found. The Deepasthambha can be found on the northern side of the complex.
  • The Kadri Manjunath Temple is believed to be built sometime during the 12th-13th century. The records show that the solid granite structure was renovated in the 14th century.
  • The Kadri Manjunath Temple architectural style resembles that of the Vijayanagara style of construction. A partially faded script in the kitchen of the Temple states that a King (whose name cannot be read) donated land for the construction and renovation of the Temple.
  • The earliest reference to the region of Kadri Temple can be seen in an engraving on the pedestal of the beautiful idol of Sri Lokeshwara. The inscription dated 968 AD states that King Kundavarma of the Alupa dynasty installed the idol in the Kadarika Vihara.
  • In Buddhist traditions, “Kadarika” means “hillside pasture land” and “Vihara” refers to a name given by Buddhists to any settlement. This inscription gave proof that a Buddhist settlement existed at the place in the 10th century.
Statues and Idols Present in Kadri Manjunath Temple
Different Statues and bronze idols of Gods that can be seen in Kadri Manjunath Temple.

There are several smaller shrines dedicated to Lord Vishnu, Lord Ayyappa, Kateel Durga Parameshwari, Goddess Manjushri, Lord Ganapathi, and Vyasa Muni that can be found in the temple complex.

Festivals celebrated at Kadri Manjunath Temple

Festivals in Kadri Manjunath Temple
The celebrations held in Kadri Manjunath Temple with much pomp and glory during the festive season.
  • Annual Festival – This Kadri Manjunath Temple festival is celebrated in a grand manner for nine days. The festivities begin in January on the day of Makara Sankranthi.
  1. The first day comprises of an early morning Abhishekam to the Lord and a Dhwajarohana event in the evening. The Temple flag is raised indicating the beginning of the 9-day extravaganza. The Garudarohana will take place after the flag-raising ceremony is over.
  2. On the first and the seventh day, a unique ritual called the Kanchil takes place. In this ritual, small kids dressed up as brides and grooms perform a parade in front of God.
  3. The procession with the idol starts at 7 PM every evening and proceeds to Bikarnekatte, Mallikatte, Mundanakatte and then to Konchadi on the third, fourth, fifth and sixth day respectively. After the end of the procession, Mahapooja, Nithyabali, and Bhootha Bali will be performed on all the nine days.
  4. The Maharathothsava will be held on the eighth day of the festival. Poojas like the Ratha Kalasha Pooja and the Mahapooja are performed in the morning. The Ratha Yatra starts at 6 PM. After the procession ends, Mahapooja, Bhoothabali, and the Shayana Pooja are performed for God.
  5. The Lord will be placed in the Theertha Mandapam and given a ritualistic bath in the morning. Mahapooja and the Thulabhara Seva will be performed. The flag is brought down indicating the end of the celebrations.
  • Krishna Janmashtami – A Sandalwood statue of Lord Krishna is taken around in a procession to Gopala Krishna Mutt in the evening. The next day at 6 PM, the idol is brought back to the Temple with great enthusiasm. The Handi festival consisting of Mosuru or Buttermilk is broken by enthusiastic participants.
  • Sri Ganesh Chaturthi – The morning of the day marks the beginning of the Ganahoma with 108 coconuts. Special Modaka, made of Coconut, Arecanut, and jaggery are offered to Lord Ganapathi.
  • Maha Shivaratri – The festival is celebrated in February or March. The festival signifies the marriage of Lord Shiva with Goddess Parvati. Some also believe that this is the day when Lord Shiva absorbed the poison that turned him blue during the churning of Amrit’s episode in mythology. The day is celebrated with great reverence.
  • Sowramana Ugadi – On this auspicious day, Mahapooja will be done for the Lord. Vegetables will be offered to the Lord in the evening followed by a reading of the Panchanga (predictions for the New Year).

Some of the other occasions celebrated are Dhanupooja, Laksha Deepothsava, Karthik Somavara, Narakachaturdashi, Navaratri, and Rugupakarma.

How to reach Kadri Manjunath Temple by Road, Rail, and Air

Kadri has located just 4 km from the Mangalore city center.

  • By Air – The city of Mangalore is connected to all the major cities of India as well as the surrounding countries due to the presence of the Bajpe International Airport. The Airport lies at a distance of 10 km from the city center.
  • By Train – There are two main stations in Mangalore – Mangalore Junction and Mangalore Central. Trains from almost all major cities either stop or terminate here. Mangalore is well connected to cities like New Delhi, Bengaluru, Chennai, Hyderabad, Gandhinagar, Pune, Ahmedabad, Mumbai, Vizag, Trivandrum and many more.
  • By Road – Mangalore is well connected by roads and highways. One can board buses from Bengaluru, Goa, Chennai, Karwar, Pune, and Mysore.

The Temple is further sanctified by the seven holy Theerthas presents at an elevation from the main sanctum. The main Theertha is called Gomukha Bhagirathi Theertha.

Where to stay in Kadri Manjunath Temple-

Place to stay in Kadri Manjunath Temple
The Kadri Manjunath Temple, Dharamsthala for devotees to stay and rest.
  • The Kadri Manjunath Temple administration operated one guest house consisting of 21 single rooms and 3 double rooms which can be booked by the devotees.
  • A large number of private hotels are available for accommodating pilgrims and tourists alike. The rooms may range from standard to AC suites in five-star hotels.
  • A large number of Government offices also operate guest houses in the city which can be booked by contacting them. Mangalore is a coastal city and offers beautiful beaches. Hence, resorts are abundant here.

Devotees keep fast and sing bhajans throughout the night and into the day. Special Poojas are performed for the Linga. Thousands of pilgrims from in and around Karnataka visit the shrine to receive blessings from the God themselves.

Where to eat in Kadri Manjunath Temple-

Food in Kadri Manjunath Temple for devotees and tourist
Devotees can have a meal organized by the Temple or association or eat at the various south Indian restaurants close to Kadri Manjunath Temple.
  • The Kadri Manjunath Temple provides Annadana to all devotees from 12:30 PM to 2 PM.
  • Besides the Kadri Manjunath Temple, several other private restaurants are available throughout the bustling city of Mangalore.
  • The city offers a wide variety of cuisines like Konkani, Seafood, Mughlai, North Indian, South Indian, Chinese, Italian and Thai.
  • Several popular food joints are Hotel Narayana for Seafood, Hotel Guthu for authentic local cuisine and Chutneys for North Indian Vegetarian and Giri Manja for Seafood.

Nearby Temples in Kadri Manjunath Temple-

Temples near Kadri Manjunath
Different significant temples that devotees can visit near Kadri Manjunath Temple.
  • Shri Sharavu Mahaganapathi Temple – The Temple dedicated to Lord Ganapathi dates back to 800 years and can be visited in the heart of the city. The Temple has been mentioned in several Puranas like the Sthalapurana. Sri Dashabhuja Mahaganapati, Sri Sharabeshwara, and Siddhi Lakshmi are the presiding deities of the Temple.
  • Gokarnanatheshwara Temple – The Temple dedicated to Lord Gokarnanatheshwara, another form of Lord Shiva is situated at Kudroli, 5 km away from the city center. The Saint Sri Narayana Guru consecrated the Shiva Linga at the Temple in 1912. The Gopuram is 60 feet high and is decorated with beautiful divine sculptures depicting several Gods and Goddesses.
  • Kateel Durga Parameshwari Temple – The famous and sacred shrine dedicated to Sri Durga Parameshwari is situated in Kateel, 26 km from Mangalore. The Temple is located on the banks of the River Nandini. Several legends are associated with the Temple, which is mentioned in the Puranas themselves.
  • Kudupu Sri Anantha Padmanabha Temple – The Temple is located just 12 km away from the Mangalore city center. The presiding deities of the Temple are Lord Anantha (Lord Shiva) and Lord Padmanabha (Lord Vishnu). The Temple is known for Serpent worship. The deity Sri Anantha Padmanabha faces west.
  • Thousand Pillars Jain Temple – The Temple is located at a distance of 37 km in Moodbidri. The presiding deity of the Jain Temple is Sri Chandranath Swamy. The Temple dates back to 1430 AD. A 2.5-meter high statue of Sri Chandranath Swamy is worshiped here. The style of architecture resembles the Vijayanagara construction.

Frequently Asked Questions about Kadri Manjunath Temple

Are online tickets available for Kadri Manjunath Temple?

Tickets can be purchased on arrival at the counter for the same day Pooja. Online booking is not available for any of this poojas.

What are the preferable dress codes for devotees visiting Kadri Manjunath Temple?

Preferable dress codes for –
Men: White Pancha, Dhoti/ Kurta, Pyjama
Women: Saree with blouse/Punjabi Dress with Dupatta/ Chudidhar with Dupatta/ Half Saree.

What is the climate condition in Kadri Manjunath Temple?

The climate is tropical in Kadri Manjunath Temple. It has significant rainfall most months, with a short dry season.

What is the closest airport to Kadri Manjunath Temple?

The closest airport for devotees and tourist is situated at Gaggal which is around 50 km away from Kadri Temple.

What is Maha rathothsava that is held in Kadri Manjunath Temple?

Maha manmaharathothsava or chariot uthsava is popular for its mass feeding. Devotees all over the world assemble to seek the blessings of Lord Shree Manjunatha and to be a part of the grand ceremony.

What is the main event that is celebrated in Kadri Manjunath Temple?

The main event here is Lakshadeepotsava, when a 9-day fair is held.

What are the facilities available for tourist in Kadri Manjunath Temple?

The facilities available for tourists and devotees are Food Stalls, Accommodation, Washrooms, Lockers

Dhamekh Stupa, Sarnath

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Dhamek Stupa
Dhamek Stupa

Dhamek Stupa is one of the most famous and Buddhist stupas. It is located in Sarnath near Varanasi in Uttar Pradesh, India. Dhamek Stupa is one of the most visited Buddhist structures in the world.  This Stupa was originally built in 249 BCE, during the reign of King of the Maurya Dynasty, Ashoka. After that, this massive and prominent structure has gone through several expansions and additions. Dhamek Stupa lies inside the Deer Park in Sarnath.

The Dhamek Stupa marks the spot where the Buddha after attaining enlightenment, gave the first sermon to his first five Brahmin disciples. He revealed his Eightfold Path leading to nirvana.

What is the history of Dhamek Stupa?

The mortal remains of Buddha were distributed and buried under 8 mounds after his cremation. The embers and urn were placed under 2 other mounds. Therefore 10 such monuments consisted of the relics of Lord Buddha.

Emperor Ashoka of the Maurya Dynasty reigned over almost the entire Indian subcontinent from c. 268 to 232 BCE. He built several Stupas that consisted the relics of Lord Buddha. and His disciples across India in his pursuit to spread Buddhism. In 249 BCE he commissioned to build the Dhamek Stupa in Sarnath. The Stupa was later reconstructed in 500 CE. It was around that time that he built the Dhamek Stupa and several other monuments to commemorate his pilgrimage at Sarnath.

Dhamek stupa boasts of a distinct architectural pattern. The stupa bears special significance for devout Buddhist. This is because it marks the ‘seat of the holy Buddha’ as he proclaimed his faith.

What is the architecture of the Stupa?

The Dhamek Stupa is a cylindrical tower. t is 43.6 m high and 28 m in diameter. The Stupa is built with red bricks and stone. The lower part being entirely covered with beautifully carved stones. These are chiseled with exquisite floral carvings of the Gupta period. The borders of the stupa are delicately carved with figures of humans and birds.

The base of the Stupa dates back to the Ashokan period. The panels of Dhamek Stupa Sarnath also consist of  ‘Swastikas’.  The structure of the stupa was expanded and enlarged almost12 times in the course of history.

How to reach the Dhamek Stupa?

Train: Take a train to Varanasi railway station and Kashi railway station.

Air:  Varanasi airport is well connected with all the major cities of the country

Road: Varanasi is connected to all major cities by road.

What is the visiting hours of the Stupa?

  • The site remains open from sunrise to sunset.
  • It can be visited all the time during the year.

What is the entry fees of the Stupa?

The entry fees of the Stupa is:

  • Rs. 5: Foro Indian citizens and visitors of SAARC and BIMSTEC nations.
  • Rs. 100/: Others.
  • Free: For children up to 15 years of age

Maa Mangala Temple Kakatpur – Timings, Poojas and History

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Maa Mangala Temple is located in Kakatpur in Puri in the Indian state of Orissa. Kakatpur is a small village in Puri District and is situated at a distance of 50 kms from Puri. There are large number of devotees who visit the temple each month. This temple is associated with Puri Lord Jagannath temple.

During the renovation of the deities which is known as Navakalebara, the old deities are buried at a dedicated place in the Jagannath temple and the new idols are shaped for Lord Jagannath, Lord Balabhadra and Goddess Subhadra. The idols are also made from a very sacred wood which is the Daru Brahma. Nobody knows from where to find the sacred wood to create the new idols, so as per the tradition the priests of Lord Jagannath temple come to Kakatpur Mangala to pray the Goddess to help them to find the sacred wood. The priests sleep in front of the Goddess with their face down and then Goddess Mangala come in their dream and tell the exact location of the three sacred trees for the three deities.

Maa Mangala Temple is built in typical Kalinga style and is a major pilgrimage for devotees of Shakti cult. Pilgrims frequently visit the temple seeking boons from Maa Mangala. Kakatpur Mangala Temple is also known as Sarba Mangala Mandir and it is one of the most celebrated shakti peeth in Puri. This temple is also sometimes called as the Bata Mangala Temple.

Maa Mangala Temple Timings

Maa Mangala Temple remains open on all days of the week. The timings of the temple are from 9:30 AM to 1:30 PM in the morning and from 4:30 PM to 7:30 PM in the evening. In case of special occasions or festivals, the timings might differ.

Maa Mangala Temple History

  • There is a famous story behind the evolution of the name of the deity as ‘Kakatpur’ Mangala and believed by the local people. Goddess Mangala kept herself hidden under the deep water of river Prachi. Once a boatman was sailing his boat across river Prachi. At that time the river was outpouring and flooded so he was unable to sail his boat to the middle of the river.
  • Goddess Mangala came in his dream and asked him to recover her from the water and to establish her in nearby Mangalapur village. The boatman dived into the water and able to find the deity from the bed of the river. Then as per the direction of the Goddess he established the figure of the deity in a temple in Mangalapur village.
  • After this the boatman saw a black crow dived into the water and did not come out of the water for hours and days, the crow detained inside the water of river Prachi exactly in the same place from where he recovered the figure of Goddess Mangala.
  • In Oriya language the word crow means ‘kaka’ and the word detain means ‘atka.’ Thus, the village is known as ‘Kakatpur’ and the goddess is named as Kakatpur Mangala.
  • That time i.e 500 years ago the then local Jamindar Roychudamoni family made the mandir at Kakatpur with all the Sebak arrangement. This Mandir was built by Panchanan Mitra (Roychudamoni) on 1548 AD. This goddess is very famous with all the qualities of peace, power, happiness, love, purity, knowledge & truth.

Significance of the Maa Mangala Temple

  • Pilgrims and devotees visiting the temple seek boons from Maa Mangala. There is a bed made of solid stone on which it is said Maa Mangala rests after touring the entire universe everyday. As if to attest to this, the bed looks worn out in just the same way it would if it were in use for centuries.
  • The ‘Bhaktas’ who really want to acquire knowledge on lord Jagannath and Goddess Maa Sarba Mangala must read the book which is written by Raghunandan Panda, Sebak of Maa Sarba Mangala. He was a teacher and belongs to Kakatpur. He has spent almost 25 years from his busy schedule in doing research on Kakatpur Mangala. He has shared all his experience in the form of his book which will enlighten the whole story. The book is available only in Kakatpur.

Maa Mangala Temple Rituals

Mangala is Arupa (formless) and has become Sarupa (took form). Throughout the year, and days the ‘Niti’ ‘Puja’ is being done in ritualistic manner. ‘Prasadams’ are available for the devotees. Many patients come to remain in “Dharana” in prostrate form to get themselves cured.

Festivals celebrated at the Maa Mangala Temple

Jhamu Yatra: Jhamu Yatra is the most popular festival of Goddess Mangala which falls on the first Tuesday of the Vaisakh every year. On this occasion devotees collect water from river Prachi and pray to get her blessings. Then with the mud pot, filled with water, on their shoulder, they are able to walk on the surface of burning fire spread on a long channel on bare feet. Due to their faith on Goddess Mangala and her blessings on them, the devotee are unhurt and uninjured while performing such a risky custom. Every year thousands of devotees come to Kakatpur to celebrate the Jhamu festival.

Maa Mangala Temple has a close relation with Lord Jagannath Temple of Puri during the Navakalebara (Renovation of the Deities) festival. The new idols are created from a sacred wood known as “Daru”. As per the tradition the priests of Lord Jagannath temple come to Kakatpur Mangala to pray the Goddess to help them to find the sacred wood. The priests visit the goddess and offer her the things brought for the Banajaga Yatra and then Goddess at night shows the direction of the sacred wood or daru in their dreams. This custom has been performed from years together without any deviation. This shows the power and energy of Goddess Mangala and her blessings for her devotees.

Dhanu Yatra: It is a popular drama festival held at Bargarh of Western Odisha. The play is the enactment of the story of Lord Krishna and his demon uncle King Kansa. It features the Lord’s visiting Mathura for witnessing the ceremony of “Bow” or “Dhanu” organized by evil Kansa. The play continues for 7 to 11 days and attracts large number of viewers. Dhanu Yatra is celebrated for eleven days of the month from the 5th day of the bright fortnight till the full moon day.  The festive mood of people made them enact the victory of Lord Krishna, the embodiment of truth, justice and righteousness over Kansa who personifies arrogance and wickedness. The epic play was just a symbolic representation of Indians victory over unfair British rule.

How to reach: Road, Rail and Air

By Air: Nearest airport from this temple is the Bhubaneshwar airport which is 65 Km from this place. Bhubaneswar is connected by air with flights to major Indian cities like New Delhi, Calcutta, Visakhapatnam, Ranchi, Chennai and Mumbai etc. All major domestic airlines like Air Deccan, Jetlite, Kingfisher, Indian Airlines have daily flights to/from Bhubaneswar. The nearest International Airport is at Calcutta (Kolkata).

Travellers flying from Europe or America (east): The best way to reach Puri is to fly either to Calcutta (Kolkata), Mumbai (Bombay) or Delhi and then fly to Bhubaneshwar. Travellers flying from Australia or California could fly directly to Chennai (Madras) or Calcutta (Kolkata) and then fly to Bhubaneshwar.

By Rail: Puri is the nearest railway station from the temple. Puri is a terminus on the East Coast Railway having direct express and super fast train links with New Delhi, Mumbai, Kolkata, Okha, Ahmedabad, Tirupati etc. Some important trains are Kolkata (Howrah) Puri Howrah Express, Jagannath Express; New Delhi; Purushottam Express. Khurda Road Station, 44 km, from Puri is convenient rail head for train to Chennai and Western India.

Some of the important trains from New Delhi

1) Purshottam Express Leaves New Delhi on Day 1 and arrives at Puri on Day 3 (the distance is about 1866 kms) journey Time approx 31 hours.

2) Puri Express Leaves New Delhi on Day 1 and arrives at Puri on Day 2 (the distance is about 1794 kms) journey Time approx 30 hours.

3) Neelachal Express Leaves New Delhi on Day 1 and arrives at Puri on Day 2 (the distance is about 1910 kms) journey Time approx 35 hours.

By Road:  Kakatpur Mangala Temple is 50 Km from Puri. The bus stand near the Gundicha Temple provides connections to Bhubaneswar and Cuttack, service every 10-15 minutes. Minibuses to Konark leave every 20-30 minutes and also from Jatiababa Chhak. There are direct buses for Kolkata and Visakhapatnam. Puri is linked with Bhubaneswar by state highway no.8 and Bhubaneshwar is situated along the National Highway no.5 connecting Chennai and Kolkata. The best way to go from Bhubaneswar to Puri is on one of the State Govt. buses, mini buses and tourist buses leaving from Bhubaneswar main bus stand.

Where to stay

There are many good hotels and resorts available near Maa Mangala Temple for the accommodation.

  • Lotus Resort: Near Ramachandi Temple,Konark-Puri Marine Drive Road, 752111 – Konark
  • Sun Temple Hotel: Near Bus Stand, Konark, 752111 – Konark
  • The Pearl: River Side Retreat Puri konark Marine Dr Rd, 752002
  • Nature Camp Konark Retreat: Khalakata Patna, Ramchand
  • Marwadi Hotel and Lodge: Konark, konark marine drive puri
  • Surya Inn: Near Canara Bank, Near Canara Bank
  • Lotus resort Ramchand Beach: Konark Puri Marine Drive
  • OYO Homes Konark Sun Temple: Near Sun Temple

Where to eat

There are numbers of local dhabas (food-joints) serving vegetarian and non-vegetarians food. Apart from relishing the local delicacies, fish fry prepared in Bengali-style is highly suggested. Apart of Indian cuisines, continental and chinese dishes are also available at an affordable rate.

  • Santi Restaurant: Shanti Restaurant & Bar, Unit-2, Ashok Nagar, Bhubaneshwar
  • Sun Temple Restaurant: SH 13, Khelar, Orissa
  • Madhuban: Toshali Sands Ethnic Village Resort, Konark Marine Drive
  • Peace Restaurant: Chakratirtha Road, Puri, Odisha
  • Bamboo: C T Road, Puri, Odisha, 752002
  • The Gajapati: Chakratirtha Road, Puri, Odisha
  • Wildgrass Restaurant: VIP Rd, Puri, Odisha 752001
  • Chung Wah Restaurant: VIP Road, Puri, Odisha, 752001

Nearby Temples

Shri Jagannath Temple: The origin of the sacred shrine of Jagannath goes back to the pre-Vedic period and Purusottam Kshetra, the sacred abode of Sri Jagannath, has been described in various Sanskrit works, such as the ‘Padma Parana’, ‘Narada Purana’, ‘Matsya Parana’, etc. There is a  monumental and magnificent Shrine at Shri Purusottam-Kshetra (Puri, Orissa) one of the four major Dhamas of India. The cult of Jagannath came to be regarded as the religion of masses ‘Gana Dharma’. That means Jagannath cult is a unique cult. Indian culture has reached its culmination in the unique culture of Lord Jagannath. It is more than a cult — an all-embracing synthesis of cults. It has combined diverse faiths, cultures, creeds and ideologies.  He is also known as Jagabandhu. He is the friend, philosopher, guide and the anchor of the purest thoughts of the people of the entire Universe.

Shree Lokanath Temple: Lokanath Temple is ranked next to Shri Jagannath Temple.  This  temple  is  at  a  distance of  about  two  kilometers to  the  west  of  the  Shri Jagannath Temple. Lord  “Siva”  and  “Mata  Parvati”  are  the  main  deities of  the  temple. The unique feature is that the shivalinga is always under water which substantiates the legend that Goddess Ganga flows through the top of the shivalinga as a stream.  Lord   Rama constructed    the temple in “Tretaya Yuga”.

Konark Sun Temple: Konark is one of the well known tourist attractions of Orissa. Konark houses a colossal temple dedicated to the Sun God. Konark is one of the most famous tourist destinations in India from the spiritual standpoint and boasts of one of the best known architectural specimen. The tourists coming to Konark also visit the Chandrabhaga Beach, one of the most exotic beaches in Odisha. The konark city is also known world over for its fairs and festivals. Millions of devotees gather here to take a holy dip in this river on the occasion as this dip is believed to be a sure cure for all illnesses.

Panchalingeshwar Temple: Panchalingeswar Temple is situated on the hilltop of the Eastern Ghats in Panchalingeshwar, Nilagiri, Baleswar district. It’s a beautiful place for picnic, darshan of Shiva Linga and breath some fresh air from the real nature.  The five round “Shiva Linga” are worshipped as Panchalingeswar (Pancha means five in Odia).

Chottanikkara Temple Guide – Timings, Vazhipadu, Dress Code, and History

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Chottanikkara Temple is located near Kochi in Kerala. Goddess Lakshmi is worshipped here. The Goddess is also known as Bhagavathy. The idol is 4 to 5 feet in height. She has four arms. The upper right arm holds the disc. The upper left arm bears the conch. The lower right hand is in a blessing pose and the lower left arm is in an Abhaya pose, which means fearlessness.

Chottanikkara Temple
Temple Timings4:00 am to 12:00 pm. 4:00 pm to 8:45 pm
Prasadam Timings1:00 pm to 3:00 pm
Guruthy at Keezhakavu Temple8:45 pm to 9:30 pm
Dress CodeMen: Dhoti, no shirt. Women: Saree
Time Taken for DarshanNormal Season: 2 hours. Ayyappa Season: 3-4 hours.
Entry FeeFree. No Special darshan available.
Best Time to VisitSeptember – February
Nearest AirportKochi

Chottanikkara Temple Timings

Here are the timings of Chottanikkara Temple:

Ritual Timings
Morning Darshan 4:00 am to 12:00 pm
Evening Darshan 4:00 pm to 8:45 pm
Prasadam Timings 1:00 pm to 3:00 pm
Guruthy at Keezhakavu Temple 8:45 pm to 9:30 pm
Seeveli 6:00 am to 6:30 am
Ucha Pooja 12:00 pm to 12:30 pm
Deeparadhana 6:15 pm to 6:30 pm
Athaza Pooja 7:30 pm to 8:00 pm

Chottanikkara Temple Food Timings

Devotees can have food at the temple during the afternoon from 1 pm to 3 pm.

Dress Code at Chottanikkara Temple

As per the Chottanikkara Temple dress code, men should wear dhoti and no shirt (only Angavastram). Women devotees should wear a sari, churidar, pavadai chattai or salwar kameez. Devotees will not be allowed to enter the Chottanikkara Temple wearing informal attire like jeans, shorts or T-shirts.

History and Legend of Chottanikkara Temple

Chottanikkara Temple is one of the oldest temples of Kerala. There are several legends related to the temple.

  • The Goddess was worshipped by the great Bhogacharya.
  • As per myth, the Rudraksha Sila was worshipped by great saints. These saints were Adishankaracharya, Vilwamangalam Swamiyar, Kakkasseri Bhattathiri and Chemmangattu Bhattathiri.
  • It is believed that the deity was brought here from Mookambika Temple which is in Kollur, Karnataka.
  • It is also believed that Goddess Mookambika Saraswati is present at the temple during morning worship. She stays at the temple till 7 am. This is the reason that the Goddess is worshipped late at Mookambika Temple. As the Goddess is present at the Chottanikkara Temple during the worship.
  • Another myth states that the original deity of the Goddess was self-born; this is also known as swayambhu.
  • The original idol is made of laterite and is irregular in shape. This is in red colour.

Significance of Chottanikkara Temple

The temple is important in the religious history of Kerala due to the following reasons.

  • Goddess Bhagavathy is an evil destroyer here. She protects her devotees from danger.
  • As per folklore, pilgrims get free from the stress of material life here.
  • Goddess Rajarajeswari has three forms at the temple. In the morning worship, she is Goddess Saraswati. In the afternoon She is Goddess Lakshmi and in the evening She is Goddess Durga.
  • She is in a white dress in the morning. In the afternoon She is in crimson red cloth and in the evening the Goddess is in a bright blue dress.
  • There is a statue of Lord Vishnu on the same pedestal. For this reason, the Goddess is also known as Ammenarayana, Devinarayana, Lakshminarayana and Bhadrenarayana.
  • There are also deities of Lakshmi, Narayana, Brahma, Siva, Ganapati, Subramanya and Sastha on the pedestal.
  • The temple also has various idols of mythological characters.

Festivals celebrated at Chottanikkara Temple

  • Makom Thozhal Festival: This festival takes place on the Makom day in the month of Kumbham. The Malayalam month of Kumbham is either February or March. On Makom day Goddess Bhagavathy appeared before Vilwamangalam Swamiyar. There is another myth, that the Goddess appears before the devotees every year on the Makom day. Hence the celebration takes place on this day. Devotees sing Bhajanam on the occasion. As per legends, after Bhajanam, Bhadrakali at Kizhukkavu frees the devotees from the evil spirit.
  • Navaratri Mahotsavam: This is another major festival celebrated at the temple. The festival takes place every year in the months of September and October. It takes place for 10 days. Several cultural programmes take place at the temple during the festival. Priests perform Vidyarambham and Annadhanam during this time.

Poojas and Rituals at Chottanikkara Temple

Chottanikkara Temple follows some special rituals.

  • Worship starts at the temple by blowing the conch. Musicians play instruments at this time.
  • The day starts with Nirmalya Darshan. The swayambhu image of Goddess is visible only at this time.
  • Dhaara of Lord Shiva is the next ritual.
  • Several types of worship take place throughout the day. Ethruthu Pooja, Seeveli, Guruthi Nivedyam, Pantheeradi, Ucha, Uchaseeveli are the other afternoon worships.
  • The Evening Nada opening again worships Goddess Rajarajeswari.
  • Deeparadhana, Athazha and Seeveli worship take place in evening.
  • Bhajanam is a special ritual that takes place on the request of the devotees. Devotees can request Bhajanam only if they stay at the temple. They do not go out of the temple this time. Worshippers do not have food with salt, chilly and sour at this time. Bhajanam can heal diseases.
  • Mandapathil Paattu is another ritual which gives blessings of the Goddess. Bronze lamps and flowers decorate the temple. The devotees present satin clothes, fineries, rice and paddy to the Goddess. Devotees play Brahmini Amma Paatu devotional songs. After worship they get Chathussatham. This is a kind of sweet pudding.
  • Annadanam is another ritual that satisfies the Goddess.
  • Rudrabhishekam worship is for Lord Shiva.
  • Chuttuvilakku and Nirmala rituals are for prosperity.
  • Trikala worship is also for prosperity. In this ritual, the devotee has to worship the Goddess three times in a day.
  • One day worship is another ritual in which the devotee has to worship Goddess Rajarajeswari complete day.
  • Mahabhagavath Seva is for the main deity. This ritual gives jaggery to the Goddess.
  • Noorum Palum ritual worships the Naga snakes.
  • Palpayasam ritual worships Lord Vishnu.
  • Mrithyunjaya Homam ritual gives blessings of Lord Shiva. This ritual also provides long life. it helps to cure diseases.
  • Chathussadam is another form of worship of Goddess Rajarajeswari.

How to Reach: Road, Rail and Air

Chottanikkara Temple is easily accessible from all parts of the country.

By Air: The temple is at 38 km from the Cochin airport. This international airport is well connected to the other airports of India, Singapore and Gulf countries.

By Rail: The nearest railway station to the temple is the Thrupoonithura railway station. It is at 4 km from the temple. The temple is 18 km from Eranakulam south and north railway station. Eranakulam is a junction and connects the city with the other cities of the country. There are auto-rickshaws and private cars available from the railway stations which take you directly to the shrine. Trains are available throughout the day, starting from 4.00 am till 10.00 pm.

By Road: The temple is at 20 km from the Eranakulam KSRTC bus stand. It is at 22 km from the Kaloor private bus stand. Road transport to the Chottanikkara Temple is economical. Deluxe Volvo buses are available which connect the temple to the different cities, like Chennai, Bangalore, Trivandrum, Hyderabad and Mumbai.

Where to stay

  • Chottanikkara Temple authorities are planning to construct accommodation for devotees visiting the temple. Pilgrims who wish to donate to the temple can stay at the temple. These suites will come with a bedroom sum living room, kitchen and an attached bath. The suites planned are modern with ceramic floorings. Devotees will be provided with gas cylinders and stoves to enable cooking. The suites will have amenities like refrigerators, television sets with cable connection and hot water.
  • Besides this, the Hinterland Village Resort, PPG Tourist Home, Hill Palace Hotel and SPA, The Capital Fort Kochi, Royal Homestay and Casa de Forte are some of the best hotels at about 1.6 km from the temple. These hotels provide clean rooms with basic amenities. You can also get good food at these hotels.

Where to eat

Chottanikkara Temple is very famous and hence there are several eat outs near the shrine. Black N White, Grameen Ruchi, Kettuvalam, Naushad the Big Chef, The Avenue Regent and the Deagle Arabian Hut are also near. Visitors can relish authentic Kerala cuisines here. These eateries also provide Asian, Chinese and other Indian cuisines.

Nearby Temples

There are several temples near Chottanikkara Temple.

  • Kizhukkavu Temple: This temple is situated just on the eastern side of the Chottanikkara Temple. Moreover, the temple is famous for its ValiyaGuruthy worship. This means great sacrifice and the event takes place every day at 8.45 pm. This ritual takes place after the evening worship at the Chottanikkara Temple. This ritual cures women from mental disorders, like schizophrenia.
  • Ernakulatthappan Temple: This temple is situated at the heart of the Eranakulam city. Here also Lord Shiva is the presiding deity. The important feature of this temple is that the deity is west facing. In addition, here the great Villawamangalathu Swamiyar framed rituals. The shrine depicts the Kerala style of architecture. The temple also has deities of Lord Ganesha and Sastha.
  • Ettumanoor Shiva Temple: This temple is dedicated to Lord Shiva. It is from Travancore. The temple is also historically important. The Pandavas and Saint Vyasa worshipped here. The temple has mural paintings.
  • Kaduthuruthy Temple: Also known as the Thali Temple, this shrine is dedicated to Lord Shiva. The temple is near the Vembanad Lake. In addition, Lord Shiva is east facing here. Kharasura demon worshipped Lord Shiva here. The wooden carvings of the temple narrate various stories related to Lord Shiva. Also, there are Lord Ganesha, Sastha and Goddess Durga here.
  • Sree Poornathrayesa Temple: This temple is also significant as it is 1000 years old and is dedicated to Poornathrayesan. Poornathrayesan is an incarnation of Lord Vishnu. Furthermore, childless couples can pray here to get a child. Also, Vrishchikoltsawam is the main festival here. It takes place during the months of November and December.
  • Vaikom Mahadeva temple: This is the most famous Lord Shiva temple of central Kerala. While some believe that Parasurama installed Shiva Lingum here, others believe that demon Kharasuran placed the Siva lingam at this shrine. Also, Ananadana Prabhu is the major festival at the temple.

Winters (December to February) is the best time to visit the temple as Chottanikkara has pleasant weather at this time. The place experiences heavy rainfall during the monsoons (June and July) and moderately hot from March to May. If you want to participate in the festivals of the temple then it is best to visit the temple between August and November.

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